african green monkey kidney epithelial cells vero e6  (ATCC)

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and characterization of mouse-adapted recombinant SARS-CoV-2 expressing reporter genes

doi: 10.64898/2026.02.04.703885

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Amino acid differences between mouse-adapted 30 (MA30) and wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 WA1. Amino acid substitutions identified in SARS-CoV-2 MA30 compared to SARS-CoV-2 WT in the viral open reading frame (ORF) 1a, spike (S), and non-structural protein (nsp8) are indicated; in the mutation labels, the original residue is shown in blue, the position in black, and the substituted residue in red B) Schematic representation of rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 expressing mCherry, Nluc, and mCherry-Nluc. Reporter genes were inserted into the 3’ non-coding region (NCR) upstream of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, separated by the PTV-1 2A proteolytic cleavage site. C-D) Viral plaques of rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 WT, rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 mCherry, rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 Nluc, and rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 mCherry-Nluc in Vero AT (C) and Vero E6 (D) infected at 3 dpi were observed under a Chemidoc (top), staining with Nluc substrate (middle) or staining with crystal violet (bottom for Vero AT cells), or immunostaining with an antibody against the viral N protein (bottom for Vero E6 cells).

Article Snippet: African green monkey kidney epithelial Vero E6 cells (CRL-1586), were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Bethesda, MD).

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Residue, Expressing, Infection, Staining, Immunostaining

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and characterization of mouse-adapted recombinant SARS-CoV-2 expressing reporter genes

doi: 10.64898/2026.02.04.703885

Figure Lengend Snippet: A-B): Viral titers (PFU/mL) in the cell culture supernatants of Vero AT (A) and A549 hACE2 (B) cells infected (MOI, 0.01) with rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 WT, rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 mCherry, rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 Nluc, and rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 mCherry-Nluc at the indicated hours post-infection (hpi) were determined by plaque assay. Data represent the mean values and SD of triplicates. LOD, limit of detection. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ns, not significant. C-D) Nluc expression in the same cell culture supernatants obtained from Vero AT (A) and A549 hACE2 (B) infected cells is represented in relative light units (RLU). ***p < 0.001. E-F) Vero AT (E) and A549 hACE2 (F) cells were infected (MOI, 0.01) with rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 WT, rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 mCherry, rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 Nluc, or rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 mCherry-Nluc. At the indicated times post-infection, mCherry expression was visualized under a fluorescence microscope. Representative images are shown. Scale bars = 300 µm. Magnification = 10X.

Article Snippet: African green monkey kidney epithelial Vero E6 cells (CRL-1586), were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Bethesda, MD).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Infection, Plaque Assay, Expressing, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: npj Viruses

Article Title: Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 D614G, Alpha, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants in golden hamsters

doi: 10.1038/s44298-025-00092-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro and in vivo characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 variants, D614G (gold), Alpha (dark blue), Gamma (teal), Delta (orange), Omicron BA.1 (light blue), Omicron BA.2 (maroon) viruses. Where statistics are indicated two-way ANOVA was carried out: * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01 *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001, and the asterisk color indicates the comparator group whereby black indicates a statistically significant difference compared to all the other groups individually. Growth curves of SARS-CoV-2 variants in A Vero E6, B Vero E6-TMPRSS2 OE , and C Calu-3 cell lines inoculated with an MOI = 0.01 TCID 50 with two biological replicates ( n = 2). Squares represent means and error bars indicate s.d. D Replication kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 variants in ex vivo differentiated human nasal airway epithelial cells (HNEC). HNECs derived from three donors were mock-infected or infected with the indicated SARS-CoV-2 variant at MOI = 0.1 TCID 50 . Donor one, two, and three are indicated by empty, dotted, and diagonal hatched bars, respectively. For the indicated times after infection for each SARS-CoV-2 variant, one, two, and three days-post infection (dpi), infectious titers of apical washes are shown. Bars represent the mean ± s.d. Two biological replicates ( n = 2) were performed. The limit of detection (LOD) is indicated by a dashed line. E Replication of SARS-CoV-2 variants in ex vivo differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived lung organoids (IPSC-LO). IPSC-LOs were mock-infected or infected with the indicated SARS-CoV-2 variant at MOI = 0.1. Viral titers in cell supernatants were determined at the indicated times after infection (one, two, and three dpi). Bars represent the mean ± s.d. and include two biological replicates ( n = 2). The LOD is indicated by a dashed line. F – N SARS-CoV-2 variant competition assay, where HNECs were inoculated with a mixture of D614G and Alpha ( F ), D614G and Gamma ( G ), D614G and Delta ( H ), D614G and Omicron BA.1 ( I ), D614G and Omicron BA.2 ( J ), Delta and Omicron BA.1 ( K ), Omicron BA.1 and Delta ( L ), Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 ( M ), or Omicron BA.2 and BA.1 ( N ) at a ratio of 10:1 of infectious virus (MOI = 1: MOI = 0.1). Total RNA was extracted from initial virus input and the apical washes obtained at the indicated times after infection (one, two, and three days post-infection) and subjected to whole genome sequencing using the ARCTIC V4 SARS-CoV-2 primer pool to determine the ratio of genome copies of each variant within the samples (distinguished bioinformatically by single nucleotide polymorphisms).

Article Snippet: Vero E6 African green monkey ( Chlorocebus sp .)-derived kidney epithelial cells (ATCC # CRL1586); Vero E6 cells modified to include cellular transmembrane serine protease II (TMPRSS2) (Vero E6-TMPRSS2 OE ); or Vero E6 with TMPRSS2 expressed and cathepsin L (CTSL) knocked out (Vero E6-TMPRSS2 OE /CTSL KO ) were cultured in Dulbecco’s Minimal Essential Medium (DMEM) (Wisent Bioproducts) supplemented with 5–10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS, Wisent Bioproducts) and L-glutamine.

Techniques: In Vitro, In Vivo, Ex Vivo, Derivative Assay, Infection, Variant Assay, Competitive Binding Assay, Virus, Sequencing